The 3x1 Program for migrants in Mexico: Boom, decline, and the risks of the disappearance of transnational institutionalized philanthropy

Abstract

During 2002 the 3x1 program is established at a national level for migrants of community projects based on collective remittances from migrant organizations and the three levels of the Mexican government, which allowed the institutionalization of the migrant Mexican philanthropy and the impulse for the growth of those organizations in the United States and the funding of over 29,000 community projects with basic infrastructure (water, electricity, sewer system, streets, roads, clinics, schools, and scholarships) from 2003 to 2019. In this paper, we will study the evolution of the program, the debate in what refers to its functioning, as well as its impact, and the possible consequences of its budget exclusion during 2020 with the disappearance of transnational institutionalized philanthropy, through this program, analyzing recent research in several Mexican states.